Lower brominated diphenyl ethers

In recent years, LBDE exposure in human breast milk, animal tissues and bloods have been reported in many studies [ 6 , 7 ]. Chronic exposure of LBDEs to organisms can lead to liver tumors, developmental neurotoxicity and thyroid dysfunctions [ 12 ]. LBDEs depress thyroid development as well as the long-term learning and memory capabilities in adult rats [ 13 , 14 ]. Although LBDEs can undergo anaerobic and aerobic microbial degradation [ 15 , 16 ], the microbial degradation pathway is slow and inefficient.

Kuivikko et al. In general, previous studies of LBDE photolysis were mostly performed in organic solvents or water-organic solvents [ 11 , 20 — 22 ], little data are available for natural waters because of the high hydrophobicity of LBDEs. However, the solvent has a strong effect on LBDE photolysis preventing direct extrapolation of results to aqueous environments. Eriksson et al.

As a result, the indirect phototransformation of LBDEs with ROS requires rigorous investigation in aqueous environments in order to elucidate their real-world environmental behavior. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive investigation examining the direct and indirect photolysis of LBDEs in aqueous solution. These results provide a theoretical foundation to explain mechanisms contributing to the high abundance of LBDEs, such as BDE and BDE, in natural waters and for developing an optimal pathway for enhancing degradation of LBDEs in aquatic environments.

Sodium azide NaN3, All other chemical reagents were of analytical grade. The simulated sunlight and light intensity in the center of the reactive solutions within the photochemical reactor were All photolytic experiments were performed in triplicate, and a corresponding dark control was prepared by wrapping the quartz tube with aluminum foil to protect from light. During the irradiation experiments, aliquots 5 mL of the sample were transferred into a glass test tube at given time intervals for dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction DLLME.

A mixture of 1. The other centrifugation and retrieving procedures were referred to methods reported by Liu et al. Finished products that may contain PBDEs are furniture foam padding; wire insulation; rugs, draperies, and upholstery; and plastic cabinets for televisions, personal computers, and small appliances.

These chemicals can get into the air, water, and soil during their manufacture; they can leak from products that contain them or escape when the products that contain them break down. They do not dissolve easily in water; they stick to particles and settle to the bottom of rivers or lakes. Some PBDEs can build up in certain fish and mammals when they eat contaminated food or water. Another source of exposure results from breathing contaminated air or swallowing contaminated dust.

Working in industries that make these chemicals or that make, repair, or recycle products containing these chemicals flame retardants can result in exposure.

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