Amount of btc in wallet python

This section examines how transaction fees are included in a typical transaction. Most wallets calculate and include transaction fees automatically. However, if you are constructing transactions programmatically, or using a command-line interface, you must manually account for and include these fees. Transaction fees are collected by the miner who mines the block that records the transaction on the blockchain.

Transaction fees are calculated based on the size of the transaction in kilobytes, not the value of the transaction in bitcoin. Overall, transaction fees are set based on market forces within the bitcoin network. Miners prioritize transactions based on many different criteria, including fees, and might even process transactions for free under certain circumstances.

Transaction fees affect the processing priority, meaning that a transaction with sufficient fees is likely to be included in the next-most—mined block, whereas a transaction with insufficient or no fees might be delayed, processed on a best-effort basis after a few blocks, or not processed at all.

Transaction fees are not mandatory, and transactions without fees might be processed eventually; however, including transaction fees encourages priority processing. Over time, the way transaction fees are calculated and the effect they have on transaction prioritization has been evolving. At first, transaction fees were fixed and constant across the network.

Gradually, the fee structure has been relaxed so that it may be influenced by market forces, based on network capacity and transaction volume. The current minimum transaction fee is fixed at 0. Most transactions are less than one kilobyte; however, those with multiple inputs or outputs can be larger.

In future revisions of the bitcoin protocol, it is expected that wallet applications will use statistical analysis to calculate the most appropriate fee to attach to a transaction based on the average fees of recent transactions. The current algorithm used by miners to prioritize transactions for inclusion in a block based on their fees is examined in detail in Chapter 8. Adding Fees to Transactions The data structure of transactions does not have a field for fees. Instead, fees are implied as the difference between the sum of inputs and the sum of outputs.

Any excess amount that remains after all outputs have been deducted from all inputs is the fee that is collected by the miners. That means that you must account for all inputs, if necessary by creating change, or you will end up giving the miners a very big tip! For example, if you consume a bitcoin UTXO to make a 1-bitcoin payment, you must include a bitcoin change output back to your wallet. Although you will receive priority processing and make a miner very happy, this is probably not what you intended.

Warning If you forget to add a change output in a manually constructed transaction, you will be paying the change as a transaction fee. Alice wants to spend 0. To ensure this transaction is processed promptly, she will want to include a transaction fee, say 0. That will mean that the total cost of the transaction will be 0. Her wallet must therefore source a set of UTXO that adds up to 0. She received several thousand small donations from people all around the world, totaling 50 bitcoin, so her wallet is full of very small payments UTXO.

Now she wants to purchase hundreds of school books from a local publisher, paying in bitcoin. That means that the resulting transaction will source from more than a hundred small-value UTXO as inputs and only one output, paying the book publisher. A transaction with that many inputs will be larger than one kilobyte, perhaps 2 to 3 kilobytes in size.

As a result, it will require a higher fee than the minimal network fee of 0. Many wallets will overpay fees for larger transactions to ensure the transaction is processed promptly. Transaction Chaining and Orphan Transactions As we have seen, transactions form a chain, whereby one transaction spends the outputs of the previous transaction known as the parent and creates outputs for a subsequent transaction known as the child.

Sometimes an entire chain of transactions depending on each other—say a parent, child, and grandchild transaction—are created at the same time, to fulfill a complex transactional workflow that requires valid children to be signed before the parent is signed. For example, this is a technique used in CoinJoin transactions where multiple parties join transactions together to protect their privacy.

Sometimes, the child might arrive before the parent. In that case, the nodes that see a child first can see that it references a parent transaction that is not yet known. Rather than reject the child, they put it in a temporary pool to await the arrival of its parent and propagate it to every other node. The pool of transactions without parents is known as the orphan transaction pool. Once the parent arrives, any orphans that reference the UTXO created by the parent are released from the pool, revalidated recursively, and then the entire chain of transactions can be included in the transaction pool, ready to be mined in a block.

Transaction chains can be arbitrarily long, with any number of generations transmitted simultaneously. The mechanism of holding orphans in the orphan pool ensures that otherwise valid transactions will not be rejected just because their parent has been delayed and that eventually the chain they belong to is reconstructed in the correct order, regardless of the order of arrival.

There is a limit to the number of orphan transactions stored in memory, to prevent a denial-of-service attack against bitcoin nodes. Transaction Scripts and Script Language Bitcoin clients validate transactions by executing a script, written in a Forth-like scripting language. Both the locking script encumbrance placed on a UTXO and the unlocking script that usually contains a signature are written in this scripting language. When a transaction is validated, the unlocking script in each input is executed alongside the corresponding locking script to see if it satisfies the spending condition.

However, the use of scripts to lock outputs and unlock inputs means that through use of the programming language, transactions can contain an infinite number of conditions. This is only the tip of the iceberg of possibilities that can be expressed with this scripting language. In this section, we will demonstrate the components of the bitcoin transaction scripting language and show how it can be used to express complex conditions for spending and how those conditions can be satisfied by unlocking scripts.

Tip Bitcoin transaction validation is not based on a static pattern, but instead is achieved through the execution of a scripting language. This language allows for a nearly infinite variety of conditions to be expressed. A locking script is an encumbrance placed on an output, and it specifies the conditions that must be met to spend the output in the future.

Historically, the locking script was called a scriptPubKey, because it usually contained a public key or bitcoin address. In most bitcoin applications, what we refer to as a locking script will appear in the source code as scriptPubKey. Historically, the unlocking script is called scriptSig, because it usually contained a digital signature.

In most bitcoin applications, the source code refers to the unlocking script as scriptSig. Every bitcoin client will validate transactions by executing the locking and unlocking scripts together. For each input in the transaction, the validation software will first retrieve the UTXO referenced by the input. That UTXO contains a locking script defining the conditions required to spend it. The validation software will then take the unlocking script contained in the input that is attempting to spend this UTXO and execute the two scripts.

In the original bitcoin client, the unlocking and locking scripts were concatenated and executed in sequence. For security reasons, this was changed in , because of a vulnerability that allowed a malformed unlocking script to push data onto the stack and corrupt the locking script.

In the current implementation, the scripts are executed separately with the stack transferred between the two executions, as described next. First, the unlocking script is executed, using the stack execution engine. If the unlocking script executed without errors e. Note that the UTXO is permanently recorded in the blockchain, and therefore is invariable and is unaffected by failed attempts to spend it by reference in a new transaction.

Figure is an example of the unlocking and locking scripts for the most common type of bitcoin transaction a payment to a public key hash , showing the combined script resulting from the concatenation of the unlocking and locking scripts prior to script validation. We will of course visualize all of this so that we can explore the data when we are finished.

Prerequisites First make sure you have Python installed, and then install the requests library: pip install requests. If you are unsure of how to do this then check out the videos on this page under the Setup section. Next head to Webhose. You will also require a few Python libraries to be installed. Coding It Up Crack open a new Python script, name it bitcoindarkweb.

Line 7: this is a blacklist of Tor hidden services that we will not include in our searches or our graph. Feel free to add to this list as well. The rest of the code deals with setting up some placeholder variables, and setting up the commandline parsing for the script. This function will be responsible for downloading all transactions for this address which we will use later.

Line here we are building up a BlockExplorer URL in the format that they require in order for us to download chunks of transactions from their service. Lines we send off the request to BlockExplorer. If the parsing fails we ouput a message 42 and return an empty list of transactions If the parsing was successful but there are no transactions for that address 45 we output a message 46 and return an empty list Line we take the list of transactions and add them to our main transaction list.

We pass these variables along to the BlockExplorer API 56 and then add the results to our main transactions list 62 before continuing to the top of the loop again. Line now that we are done collecting all of the transactions, we return the transaction list. Ok cool, we now have a method to collect all transactions flowing into and out of a particular Bitcoin address. This will give us a unique list of Bitcoin addresses to search Webhose. Punch in the following code: Line we setup the function to take in our list of transactions that we previously have retrieved.

Lines we loop through the receiving side of the transaction 83 , and then walk through all of the addresses that are contained Lines once we have retrieved all of the unique addresses that are related to our target address, we return this list so that we can use it in our Webhose. Cool at this point we have all of the Bitcoin transactions for an address, and we have nailed down all of the unique addresses that have sent or received Bitcoin from that address.

Lines we begin looping over our list of Bitcoin addresses and then add it to the Webhose search URL , before sending off the request and processing the JSON response Lines we setup a loop to download all results and then start walking through each search result We then do a secondary check to make sure that the current hidden service result is not in the list associated with the current Bitcoin address and if not then we add it This whole dance is so that we can associate a Bitcoin address to a list of unique hidden services.

Lines if we have less than 10 results we break out of the loop and return to the top of the function to check the next Bitcoin address in the list. Lines we want to now continue grabbing additional search results from Webhose, and how we do this is by using our original query, and then adding some blacklisted sites that we do not was results for.

This will also lower the total number of API calls required to get all of our results.

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It only indicates Bitcoin going in or out of the wallet. This could be to another wallet, payment for something, or to an exchange. Follow the same format as shown. The key first value on each line can be anything you want, preferably a reference to the wallet that makes it easy to remember what it is, and then add the wallet address as the value. It also helps to confirm your Telegram bot is working. That should be all there is to it. You can close the shell window, and wait for the notifications to come in.

If you have any questions or suggestions, or know of any good whale wallets we should be tracking, make sure to drop those in the comments. Looking forward to hearing from you! Private and Public Keys A bitcoin wallet contains a collection of key pairs, each consisting of a private key and a public key.

The private key k is a number, usually picked at random. From the private key, we use elliptic curve multiplication, a one-way cryptographic function, to generate a public key K. From the public key K , we use a one-way cryptographic hash function to generate a bitcoin address A. In this section, we will start with generating the private key, look at the elliptic curve math that is used to turn that into a public key, and finally, generate a bitcoin address from the public key.

The relationship between private key, public key, and bitcoin address is shown in Figure: Private Keys A private key is simply a number, picked at random. Ownership and control over the private key is the root of user control over all funds associated with the corresponding bitcoin address. The private key is used to create signatures that are required to spend bitcoins by proving ownership of funds used in a transaction. The private key must remain secret at all times, because revealing it to third parties is equivalent to giving them control over the bitcoins secured by that key.

Generating a private key from a random number The first and most important step in generating keys is to find a secure source of entropy, or randomness. Usually, the OS random number generator is initialized by a human source of randomness, which is why you may be asked to wiggle your mouse around for a few seconds. For the truly paranoid, nothing beats dice, pencil, and paper. To create such a key, we randomly pick a bit number and check that it is less than n - 1.

In programming terms, this is usually achieved by feeding a larger string of random bits, collected from a cryptographically secure source of randomness, into the SHA hash algorithm that will conveniently produce a bit number.

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