Sending input data ethereum

Now, on to decoding the method parameters. Let's have a look at the data again but this time we split it into 32 byte 64 Hex characters strings. Because ethereum uses 32 bytes blocks and nearly all primitive types are 32 bytes. There are a couple of exceptions though, such as the "bytes" type which we'll see later. So, once we strip off the methodId 0x6a and then break the remaining data into 32 bytes or 64 characters chunks we can start to see something more interesting.

MethodID: 0x6a These are the values of the input parameters of the execTransaction function. It's not quite straightforward so let's work through each 32 byte value in turn. Column 3 of the table above shows where each of the values maps to the parameters of the execTransaction function. Ethereum addresses are 20 byte values so it has been zero-padded to fit into a 32 byte value.

To get the actual address, we just need to extract the last 20 bytes and prefix 0x. This, we assume, is how much value needs to be transferred from the Gnosis safe. Its value is zero. This is the value of Ether remember The next parameter is interesting, it's of types bytes.

Think of it as a pointer, redirecting you to where you should look for this information. So we need to convert 0x bytes into hex characters. So finally on the 11th row the data begins and ends after characters. Which means our data field is the following: acbbbabafeadd98f8df be So in summary, for a bytes field, the first 32 bytes is a pointer to where the data starts, once there, the next 32 bytes tells you how long the data is.

Then you read that many bytes. Looking at the value again: acbbbabafeadd98f8df be It looks a little familiar It has a 4 byte methodId and then 2 x 32 byte chunks 2 lots of 64 hex characters. In fact, we can recognise immediately that this transaction is in itself an ERC20 transfer transaction as it has the famous acbb method signature. We could then use what we learnt above to recursively calculate the details of this data call by extracting the methodId bytes and breaking up the data and looking at the parameters.

Take a look and see if you can work out the recipient and value of tokens sent to the Tether contract. Conclusion There was a lot of information here and we didn't go through every single parameter, but hopefully, you can see it was very useful to be able to break the transaction data down and by working through a data payload methodically you can always understand what's happening.

We saw how for a Gnosis contract transaction we could break it down into the constituent parts and we saw the methodId and the parameter types and how to deconstruct them into useful arguments. We also saw how that, in this case, there was effectively a transaction within a transaction.

The Gnosis safe transaction was just wrapping an ERC20 transfer. The DeFi Firewall is the first in a suite of services Trustology aims to launch for institutional users looking to support new tokens in DeFi or explore yield bearing opportunities. Notifications and flows are next on our list to complement our current firewall solution.

Currently, we are the only custodial wallet to integrate with MetaMask , which lets institutions tap DeFi innovation from the security of an insured custodial wallet platform. To access the code demonstrated in this blog and more, please click here. To enquire about our DeFi services chat to us.

No one, not even a big despotic country, can block or censor a public blockchain. This is also why so many people write political messages on the blockchain. There are even projects that were developed to preserve history from being deleted by censorship by using blockchain.

Messages that, if written on social media or on a website, could lead that message to be deleted or, even worse, lead to the prosecution of that person. However, because blockchains are decentralized, they cannot be controlled or deleted. Put your message on the Ethereum blockchain forever!

Nowadays, anyone can write one of these immutable messages on the blockchain. Where can we find the Ethereum message field? Every Etehreum transaction has a bunch of fields similar to what you can see below. These messages are used for different purposes. First, they can be used to provide any additional information on a transaction. Second, they can be used by smart contracts as an additional field to allow the smart contract to execute some function or be used to send tokens on the Ethereum blockchain.

Finally, they can also be used to record really any message that you may want to immortalize. This transaction was included on block , and it contains a message written by myself. The message is in the input field and it is 0xc4fec4fbe but… WTF, how am I supposed to read those random characters? The message is written in hex and not human-readable, but we can easily convert it.

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There are several known functions with this signature. In this case the contract source code has been uploaded to Etherscan, so we know the function is transfer address,uint The rest of the data is: fbadbcd9a37eaf2bac38d bf4 3 According to the ABI specifications, integer values such as addresses, which are byte integers appear in the ABI as byte words, padded with zeros in the front. So we know that the to address is 4fbadbcd9a37eaf2bac38d Types of transactions On Ethereum there are a few different types of transactions: Regular transactions: a transaction from one account to another.

Contract deployment transactions: a transaction without a 'to' address, where the data field is used for the contract code. Execution of a contract: a transaction that interacts with a deployed smart contract. In this case, 'to' address is the smart contract address. On gas As mentioned, transactions cost gas to execute.

Simple transfer transactions require units of Gas. Diagram adapted from Ethereum EVM illustrated Any gas not used in a transaction is refunded to the user account. Transaction lifecycle Once the transaction has been submitted the following happens: Once you send a transaction, cryptography generates a transaction hash: 0x97d99bca21b12ccd4ff1dffdff The transaction is then broadcast to the network and included in a pool with lots of other transactions.

A validator must pick your transaction and include it in a block in order to verify the transaction and consider it "successful". As time passes the block containing your transaction will be upgraded to "justified" then "finalized". These upgrades make it much more certain that your transaction was successful and will never be altered.

Once a block is "finalized" it could only ever be changed by an attack that would cost many billions of dollars. A visual demo Watch Austin walk you through transactions, gas, and mining. In general I would start from the contract side. It is not really required that you use Solidity function selectors. This is primarily a standard that allow easy reusability with different libraries and contracts.

BUT this is very low level and in many cases will only lower your calldata gas costs. A lot of gas costs is not caused by the calldata encoding, but by checks enforced by Solidity on the calldata and general variables.